Germany's Top Courts Evolve: Climate Focus and Structural Changes
Germany's highest federal courts, notably the Supreme Court of Justice (BGH) and the Federal Constitutional Court, have witnessed significant changes and impactful rulings in recent years. The Federal Constitutional Court, holding a special position among Germany's five highest federal courts, has demonstrated a responsiveness to contemporary societal challenges. In 2021, it ruled in favour of stricter climate targets, and in 2025, Judge Ann-Katrin Kaufhold was appointed as a new judge and vice president, reflecting changes in the court's composition and approach. The BGH, established in 1950, has grown from 12 judges to its current 154. It ensures uniform interpretation of laws throughout Germany, with 13 civil senates and 6 criminal senates. Initially located in Karlsruhe for pragmatic reasons, it now has two criminal senates in Leipzig following reunification. Parties in civil cases can only be represented by lawyers admitted to the BGH, currently numbering 35. The BGH reviews legal errors from previous instances or non-admission complaints, serving as the final instance for criminal and civil proceedings. Its judges are elected by the Judicial Selection Committee. Germany's highest federal courts continue to adapt and evolve, reflecting the changing needs of society. The Federal Constitutional Court's focus on climate protection and human rights, along with the BGH's growth and structural changes, demonstrate their ongoing relevance and impact on the country's legal landscape.
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